@book{scholars13575,
             doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-821264-6.00003-6},
            year = {2020},
            note = {cited By 29},
           pages = {27--42},
           title = {Process intensification for the production of canola-based methyl ester via ultrasonic batch reactor: Optimization and kinetic study},
         journal = {Bioreactors: Sustainable Design and Industrial Applications in Mitigation of GHG Emissions},
       publisher = {Elsevier},
          author = {Bokhari, A. and Yusup, S. and Asif, S. and Chuah, L. F. and Michelle, L. Z. Y.},
            isbn = {9780128212646},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120425871&doi=10.1016\%2fB978-0-12-821264-6.00003-6&partnerID=40&md5=0e9aeeffe062ae834438658699ca9268},
        abstract = {Canola oil is an attractive potential feedstock for biofuel production. Great attention has been paid to advanced ultrasonic technology, a potential means to markedly enhance the biodiesel production process through process intensification. In this study, an ultrasonic-assisted batch reactor was employed to investigate the influence of four process parameters, that is, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction time, and amplitude of ultrasound toward the conversion of methyl esters. In the transesterification reaction for biodiesel production at 60{\^A}oC, a 90wt. methyl ester conversion was achieved in 40min using a 3wt. KOH catalyst and a 6:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, which is considered to be remarkably fast compared to conventional methods. Moreover, kinetic study revealed that the transesterification reactions were of pseudo first-order. The activation energy of the transesterification reaction was determined to be 53.717kJ/mol. {\^A}{\copyright} 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}
}