@article{scholars13398,
           title = {Multi-objective Sustainability Assessment of Levulinic Acid Production from Empty Fruit Bunch},
             doi = {10.1007/s41660-019-00097-4},
          number = {1},
          volume = {4},
            note = {cited By 9},
           pages = {37--50},
       publisher = {Springer},
         journal = {Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability},
            year = {2020},
            issn = {25094238},
          author = {Hafyan, R. H. and Bhullar, L. and Putra, Z. A. and Bilad, M. R. and Wirzal, M. D. H. and Nordin, N. A. H. M.},
        keywords = {Carbon dioxide; Damage detection; Economic and social effects; Fruits; Genetic algorithms; Global warming; Hazards; Life cycle; Organic acids; Palm oil; Pareto principle; Sustainable development, Acid production; Damage index; Empty fruit bunches; Global warming potential; Hazard potential; Hazard ranking; Levulinic acid; Multi-objectives optimization; Techno-economics; The net present value (NPV), Multiobjective optimization},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082335745&doi=10.1007\%2fs41660-019-00097-4&partnerID=40&md5=925a2f43c893d70e634b720cd95ac5ca},
        abstract = {Malaysia is one of the largest producers of crude palm oil, which also produces abundant empty fruit bunch (EFB) as a lignocellulosic waste. Levulinic acid (LA) is a promising chemical building block that can be produced from acid-hydrolysed EFB, via dehydration-hydration reactions. This work has evaluated the sustainability aspects of LA production by simultaneously considering economic, environment, and safety aspects. These aspects were computed using net present value (NPV), global warming potential (GWP), and hazard identification and ranking (HIRA), respectively. Using HIRA, fire and explosion damage index (FEDI) and toxicity damage index (TDI) were also estimated. These conflicting objectives were solved using multi-objective optimization. Genetic algorithm (GA) was conducted in MATLAB to generate a Pareto-optimal front. The results show trade-offs among the objective functions and insights into how design/operating variables affect the sustainability aspects. The Pareto-optimal solutions reveal that at maximum EFB capacity of 100 ton/h, maximum NPV of 6.4 billion USD is achieved. However, at this point, the values of GWP and TDI are at a maximum of 174,041{\^A} kg{\^A} CO2-eq and 402.9, respectively. At minimum EFB capacity of 50 ton/h, only minimum NPV of 2.7 billion USD is achieved. Nevertheless, at this point, the values of GWP and TDI are at a minimum of 86,691{\^A} kg{\^A} CO2-eq and 283.3, respectively. {\^A}{\copyright} 2019, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.}
}