TY  - JOUR
VL  - 265
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076951636&doi=10.1016%2fj.fuel.2019.116910&partnerID=40&md5=3e7a361fe960ce86eb90b9da207e65e7
JF  - Fuel
A1  - Zubair Yahaya, A.
A1  - Rao Somalu, M.
A1  - Muchtar, A.
A1  - Anwar Sulaiman, S.
A1  - Ramli Wan Daud, W.
SN  - 00162361
PB  - Elsevier Ltd
Y1  - 2020///
KW  - Aromatic compounds; Aromatization; Cellulose; Gas chromatography; Gasification; Mass spectrometry; Shells (structures); Tar; Temperature
KW  -  Chemical compositions; Coconut shells; Downdraft fixed beds; Gasification temperatures; Palm kernel shells
KW  -  Chemical reactors
KW  -  Aromatic Compounds; Cellulose; Gas Chromatography; Gasification; Tar; Temperature
TI  - Effects of temperature on the chemical composition of tars produced from the gasification of coconut and palm kernel shells using downdraft fixed-bed reactor
ID  - scholars13306
N1  - cited By 25
N2  - Tar is derived from the gasification of cellulose and hemicellulose-rich coconut shell (CS) and lignin rich-palm kernel shell (PKS) using a downdraft fixed-bed reactor at 700 °Câ??900 °C. The tar yields and higher heating values from both biomass decrease with the increase in temperature, but high tar yields and higher heating values are obtained from PKS. Fourier transform infrared showed a similar pattern between the wavenumbers of 1500 cmâ??1 and 4000 cmâ??1, thereby indicating that the main chemical groups in CS and PKS tars are similar. The ultravioletâ??visible spectroscopy shows that the aromatic content of tars increases with the increase in temperature, and CS tars show higher fluorescence intensity than PKS tars at >800 °C. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance shows that the tars from CS and PKS exhibit highly aromatic and phenolic protons, respectively. Gas chromatographyâ??mass spectrometry results reveal that the total relative content of compounds in PKS tars is slightly higher than that in CS tars, and phenol group is the most abundant compound at all temperatures. Overall, the formation of aromatics and light PAHs are higher with CS tars, but PKS tars are more stable for the formation of heterocyclic and heavy PAHs. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
AV  - none
ER  -