<> "The repository administrator has not yet configured an RDF license."^^ . <> . . . "Sulfonated SnO2nanocatalysts: Via a self-propagating combustion method for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate"^^ . "Biodiesel derived from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was produced via catalytic esterification using sulfonated tin oxide (HSO3-/SnO2) as the superacid solid catalyst. In this work, the SnO2 catalyst was synthesised by the self-propagating combustion (SPC) method, and activated using chlorosulfonic acid. The SPC method was able to produce nano-sized particles with homogenous size and shape that were anchored with many HSO3- ions, resulting in more exceptional acid properties that effectively esterified the PFAD feedstock into FAMEs (fatty acid methyl esters). Several studies based on metal oxide-based catalysts were also included for comparison. Under the optimised conditions of 9�:�1 (methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio), 4 wt (catalyst loading), 100 °C (reaction temperature) and 3 h (reaction time), the FFA conversion and FAME yield were 98.9 and 93.8, respectively. Besides, the sulfonated SnO2-spc catalyst can be reused in up to five consecutive cycles with an acceptable esterification performance and minimal sulfur leaching. It is worth mentioning that the SPC method is a greener and simpler technique to obtain the nanocatalysts. Overall, the production of FAME from low value, cheaper, abundant, and non-edible PFAD feedstock, assisted by a non-transition metal oxide of sulfonated SnO2 catalyst, could reduce the cost of biodiesel production. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry."^^ . "2020" . . "10" . "49" . . "Royal Society of Chemistry"^^ . . . "RSC Advances"^^ . . . "20462069" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "N."^^ . "Nabihah-Fauzi"^^ . "N. Nabihah-Fauzi"^^ . . "N."^^ . "Asikin-Mijan"^^ . "N. Asikin-Mijan"^^ . . "M.L."^^ . "Ibrahim"^^ . "M.L. Ibrahim"^^ . . "Y.H."^^ . "Taufiq-Yap"^^ . "Y.H. Taufiq-Yap"^^ . . "H."^^ . "Hashim"^^ . "H. Hashim"^^ . . "S."^^ . "Yusup"^^ . "S. Yusup"^^ . . "M.S."^^ . "Mastuli"^^ . "M.S. Mastuli"^^ . . . . . "HTML Summary of #12823 \n\nSulfonated SnO2nanocatalysts: Via a self-propagating combustion method for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate\n\n" . "text/html" . .