relation: https://khub.utp.edu.my/scholars/12823/
title: Sulfonated SnO2nanocatalysts: Via a self-propagating combustion method for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
creator: Nabihah-Fauzi, N.
creator: Asikin-Mijan, N.
creator: Ibrahim, M.L.
creator: Hashim, H.
creator: Yusup, S.
creator: Taufiq-Yap, Y.H.
creator: Mastuli, M.S.
description: Biodiesel derived from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was produced via catalytic esterification using sulfonated tin oxide (HSO3-/SnO2) as the superacid solid catalyst. In this work, the SnO2 catalyst was synthesised by the self-propagating combustion (SPC) method, and activated using chlorosulfonic acid. The SPC method was able to produce nano-sized particles with homogenous size and shape that were anchored with many HSO3- ions, resulting in more exceptional acid properties that effectively esterified the PFAD feedstock into FAMEs (fatty acid methyl esters). Several studies based on metal oxide-based catalysts were also included for comparison. Under the optimised conditions of 9�:�1 (methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio), 4 wt (catalyst loading), 100 °C (reaction temperature) and 3 h (reaction time), the FFA conversion and FAME yield were 98.9 and 93.8, respectively. Besides, the sulfonated SnO2-spc catalyst can be reused in up to five consecutive cycles with an acceptable esterification performance and minimal sulfur leaching. It is worth mentioning that the SPC method is a greener and simpler technique to obtain the nanocatalysts. Overall, the production of FAME from low value, cheaper, abundant, and non-edible PFAD feedstock, assisted by a non-transition metal oxide of sulfonated SnO2 catalyst, could reduce the cost of biodiesel production. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
date: 2020
type: Article
type: PeerReviewed
identifier:   Nabihah-Fauzi, N. and Asikin-Mijan, N. and Ibrahim, M.L. and Hashim, H. and Yusup, S. and Taufiq-Yap, Y.H. and Mastuli, M.S.  (2020) Sulfonated SnO2nanocatalysts: Via a self-propagating combustion method for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate.  RSC Advances, 10 (49).  pp. 29187-29201.  ISSN 20462069     
relation: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091635277&doi=10.1039%2fd0ra05110a&partnerID=40&md5=84c956bd9bde24f60422514b9bdd93b8
relation: 10.1039/d0ra05110a
identifier: 10.1039/d0ra05110a