@article{scholars12823,
            year = {2020},
           title = {Sulfonated SnO2nanocatalysts: Via a self-propagating combustion method for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate},
             doi = {10.1039/d0ra05110a},
           pages = {29187--29201},
          volume = {10},
         journal = {RSC Advances},
          number = {49},
       publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
            note = {cited By 13},
        keywords = {Biodiesel; Combustion; Esters; Feedstocks; Molar ratio; Nanocatalysts; Particle size; Tin oxides; Transition metal oxides; Transition metals, Biodiesel production; Catalytic esterification; Fatty acid methyl ester; Nano-sized particles; Optimised conditions; Palm fatty acid distillate; Reaction temperature; Self-propagating combustion, Fatty acids},
        abstract = {Biodiesel derived from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was produced via catalytic esterification using sulfonated tin oxide (HSO3-/SnO2) as the superacid solid catalyst. In this work, the SnO2 catalyst was synthesised by the self-propagating combustion (SPC) method, and activated using chlorosulfonic acid. The SPC method was able to produce nano-sized particles with homogenous size and shape that were anchored with many HSO3- ions, resulting in more exceptional acid properties that effectively esterified the PFAD feedstock into FAMEs (fatty acid methyl esters). Several studies based on metal oxide-based catalysts were also included for comparison. Under the optimised conditions of 9{\^a}??:{\^a}??1 (methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio), 4 wt (catalyst loading), 100 {\^A}oC (reaction temperature) and 3 h (reaction time), the FFA conversion and FAME yield were 98.9 and 93.8, respectively. Besides, the sulfonated SnO2-spc catalyst can be reused in up to five consecutive cycles with an acceptable esterification performance and minimal sulfur leaching. It is worth mentioning that the SPC method is a greener and simpler technique to obtain the nanocatalysts. Overall, the production of FAME from low value, cheaper, abundant, and non-edible PFAD feedstock, assisted by a non-transition metal oxide of sulfonated SnO2 catalyst, could reduce the cost of biodiesel production. This journal is {\^A}{\copyright} The Royal Society of Chemistry.},
            issn = {20462069},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091635277&doi=10.1039\%2fd0ra05110a&partnerID=40&md5=84c956bd9bde24f60422514b9bdd93b8},
          author = {Nabihah-Fauzi, N. and Asikin-Mijan, N. and Ibrahim, M. L. and Hashim, H. and Yusup, S. and Taufiq-Yap, Y. H. and Mastuli, M. S.}
}