%X Hydrogen�s high flammability, low ignition energy, clean burning, and high flame speed are attractive advantages of using internal combustion engines to attain high performance and efficiency as well as achieving �real� clean emission with only water and carbon dioxide as exhaust. To overcome volumetric efficiency loss, high NOx emissions and abnormal combustion, the influence of air�fuel ratio is studied. Optimization of the air�fuel ratio effect and understanding of the combustion processes are actively being studied in the automotive industry and research institutions. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.
%O cited By 1
%L scholars12273
%K Automotive industry; Carbon dioxide; Ignition; Internal combustion engines, Abnormal combustion; Clean burning; Combustion pro-cess; Direct injection engines; Ignition energies; NOx emissions; Research institutions; Volumetric efficiency, Direct injection
%D 2019
%A A.R. Abdul Aziz
%A M. Adlan Abdullah
%A Firmansyah
%A E.Z.Z. Abidin
%P 21-36
%I Springer Verlag
%R 10.1007/978-981-13-2968-5₂
%T Performance of hydrogen direct injection engine
%J SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology