@inproceedings{scholars12083,
       publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
         journal = {Materials Today: Proceedings},
           pages = {787--791},
            year = {2019},
           title = {Immobilization of heavy metals for building materials in the construction industry - An overview},
          volume = {17},
            note = {cited By 15; Conference of 6th International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials, Minerals and Environment, RAMM 2018 ; Conference Date: 27 November 2018 Through 29 November 2018; Conference Code:150445},
             doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.363},
          author = {Kamal, N. L. M. and Beddu, S. and Syamsir, A. and Mohammad, D. and Itam, Z. and Hamid, Z. A. A. and Manan, T. S. A.},
            issn = {22147853},
        abstract = {Coal bottom ash (CBA) is a one of coal combustion by-products from the production of electricity in coal fired power plants. Although it is classified as hazardous waste and the usage of this material is very limited, it is also an alternative material that benefits the construction industry in replacing cement or fine aggregate at certain percentage. CBA contains heavy metals. The possibility of heavy metals fluxes from the concrete is of great concern as it may cause highly potential adverse environmental impacts especially if the concentration is at beyond regulated standards. This will stop the reuse of CBA in the construction industry and may lead to deficit to entities like power plants due to the high cost of CBA disposal. Thus, this paper presents an overview on the studies of heavy metals immobilization for building materials in the construction industry. Techniques applied for heavy metals immobilization during solidification and stabilization (S/S) process using alkali activation, hydration, thermal treatment and synthesis of dicalcium silicate ({\^I}2-Ca2SiO4) were briefly described. {\^A}{\copyright} 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071075817&doi=10.1016\%2fj.matpr.2019.06.363&partnerID=40&md5=524e3854e1d2639443bde8582663e1bb},
        keywords = {Ash handling; Ashes; Cement industry; Coal ash; Coal combustion; Coal fired power plant; Coal industry; Construction industry; Fossil fuel power plants; Heavy metals; Silicates; Thermoelectric power plants; Waste incineration, Alternative materials; Bottom ash; Buildings materials; Classifieds; Coal bottom ash; Coal combustion byproducts; Coal-fired power plant; Hazardous wastes; Heavy metal immobilization; Immobilisation, Coal}
}