TY  - JOUR
PB  - Royal Society of Chemistry
SN  - 20462069
EP  - 35886
AV  - none
N1  - cited By 4
SP  - 35878
TI  - An FBG magnetic sensor for oil flow monitoring in sandstone core
Y1  - 2019///
A1  - Samavati, A.
A1  - Samavati, Z.
A1  - Ismail, A.F.
A1  - Yahya, N.
A1  - Othman, M.H.D.
A1  - Rahman, M.A.
A1  - Bakar, M.A.A.
A1  - Koo, K.N.
A1  - Salebi, M.F.
A1  - Amiri, I.S.
JF  - RSC Advances
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074811434&doi=10.1039%2fc9ra06859g&partnerID=40&md5=1c8eac7215737378c89c0b54b271720c
VL  - 9
IS  - 61
N2  - Monitoring the oil movement using a non-contact optical fiber probe during enhanced oil recovery is a novel technique to increase the efficiency of the process by distinguishing the oil position in the reservoir. A partially unclad fiber Bragg grating (FBG) coated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a magnetic field sensor is experimentally demonstrated. A series of six FBGs reflecting different wavelengths are fixed on the surface of sandstone. Nanofluids containing magnetite nanoparticles and alkaline-surfactant-polymer are injected continuously in two separate steps into the sandstone, which is saturated with 20 oil and 80 brine. The chamber is equipped with a solenoid that acts as a magnetic field generator. The changes in the magnetic field strength depended on the FBG-solenoid distance and the density of localized injected nanoparticles near the FBGs leads to a shift of the reflected wavelength of each single FBG accordingly. The shift is caused by the interference of different propagating modes reflected from the core-cladding and cladding-magnetite layer interfaces. The intensity of the FBG spectra decreases by injecting the nanofluid and vice versa for surfactant injection. The sensor response time of �21 s confirms the high reliability and repeatability of the sensing scheme. Movement of oil along the sandstone alters the wavelength shift in the FBG spectra. © 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
ID  - scholars12008
KW  - Enhanced recovery; Iron oxides; Magnetic fields; Magnetic sensors; Magnetite; Magnetite nanoparticles; Nanofluidics; Nanomagnetics; Petroleum reservoir engineering; Sandstone; Solenoids; Surface active agents
KW  -  Alkaline surfactant polymers; Enhanced oil recovery; Fe3O4 nanoparticles; Magnetic field generator; Magnetic field sensors; Magnetic field strengths; Optical fiber probe; Sensor response time
KW  -  Fiber Bragg gratings
ER  -