%0 Journal Article
%@ 20462069
%A Samavati, A.
%A Samavati, Z.
%A Ismail, A.F.
%A Yahya, N.
%A Othman, M.H.D.
%A Rahman, M.A.
%A Bakar, M.A.A.
%A Koo, K.N.
%A Salebi, M.F.
%A Amiri, I.S.
%D 2019
%F scholars:12008
%I Royal Society of Chemistry
%J RSC Advances
%K Enhanced recovery; Iron oxides; Magnetic fields; Magnetic sensors; Magnetite; Magnetite nanoparticles; Nanofluidics; Nanomagnetics; Petroleum reservoir engineering; Sandstone; Solenoids; Surface active agents, Alkaline surfactant polymers; Enhanced oil recovery; Fe3O4 nanoparticles; Magnetic field generator; Magnetic field sensors; Magnetic field strengths; Optical fiber probe; Sensor response time, Fiber Bragg gratings
%N 61
%P 35878-35886
%R 10.1039/c9ra06859g
%T An FBG magnetic sensor for oil flow monitoring in sandstone core
%U https://khub.utp.edu.my/scholars/12008/
%V 9
%X Monitoring the oil movement using a non-contact optical fiber probe during enhanced oil recovery is a novel technique to increase the efficiency of the process by distinguishing the oil position in the reservoir. A partially unclad fiber Bragg grating (FBG) coated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a magnetic field sensor is experimentally demonstrated. A series of six FBGs reflecting different wavelengths are fixed on the surface of sandstone. Nanofluids containing magnetite nanoparticles and alkaline-surfactant-polymer are injected continuously in two separate steps into the sandstone, which is saturated with 20 oil and 80 brine. The chamber is equipped with a solenoid that acts as a magnetic field generator. The changes in the magnetic field strength depended on the FBG-solenoid distance and the density of localized injected nanoparticles near the FBGs leads to a shift of the reflected wavelength of each single FBG accordingly. The shift is caused by the interference of different propagating modes reflected from the core-cladding and cladding-magnetite layer interfaces. The intensity of the FBG spectra decreases by injecting the nanofluid and vice versa for surfactant injection. The sensor response time of �21 s confirms the high reliability and repeatability of the sensing scheme. Movement of oil along the sandstone alters the wavelength shift in the FBG spectra. © 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
%Z cited By 4