@article{scholars11989,
           title = {The influence of covalent and non-covalent functionalization of GNP based nanofluids on its thermophysical, rheological and suspension stability properties},
            note = {cited By 25},
          volume = {9},
          number = {66},
             doi = {10.1039/c9ra07811h},
       publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
         journal = {RSC Advances},
           pages = {38576--38589},
            year = {2019},
            issn = {20462069},
          author = {Hussein, O. A. and Habib, K. and Saidur, R. and Muhsan, A. S. and Shahabuddin, S. and Alawi, O. A.},
        keywords = {Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Gravimetric analysis; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Stability; Thermogravimetric analysis; Ultrasonic testing; Viscosity, Conductivity improvement; Covalent functionalizations; Dispersion stability; Functionalized materials; Graphene nanoplatelets; Non-covalent functionalization; Stability of nanofluids; UV-vis spectrophotometry, Thermal conductivity},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075951086&doi=10.1039\%2fc9ra07811h&partnerID=40&md5=6585a334a5e393a2f5d9e3d0f6da4db4},
        abstract = {Covalent functionalization (CF-GNPs) and non-covalent functionalization (NCF-GNPs) approaches were applied to prepare graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The impact of using four surfactants (SDS, CTAB, Tween-80, and Triton X-100) was studied with four test times (15, 30, 60, and 90 min) and four weight concentrations. The stable thermal conductivity and viscosity were measured as a function of temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy verified the fundamental efficient and stable CF. Several techniques, such as dispersion of particle size, FESEM, FETEM, EDX, zeta potential, and UV-vis spectrophotometry, were employed to characterize both the dispersion stability and morphology of functionalized materials. At ultrasonic test time, the highest stability of nanofluids was achieved at 60 min. As a result, the thermal conductivity displayed by CF-GNPs was higher than NCF-GNPs and distilled water. In conclusion, the improvement in thermal conductivity and stability displayed by CF-GNPs was higher than those of NCF-GNPs, while the lowest viscosity was 8 higher than distilled water, and the best thermal conductivity improvement was recorded at 29.2. {\^A}{\copyright} 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.}
}