TY  - JOUR
ID  - scholars11695
KW  - Biodiesel; Catalysts; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Ionic liquids; Methanol; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Optimization; Physicochemical properties; Potassium hydroxide; Synthetic fuels; Transesterification
KW  -  American society for testing and materials; Biodiesel production; Catalytic transesterification; Heating temperatures; Hydrophobic ionic liquid; Phosphonium-based ionic liquids; Physio-chemical properties; Transesterification reaction
KW  -  Oils and fats
KW  -  anion; biofuel; catalysis; catalyst; cation; chemical compound; chemical reaction; detection method; heating; hydrophobicity; ionic liquid; optimization; physicochemical property; sulfuric acid; temperature effect
N2  - In this work, ionic liquids (ILs) containing the phosphonium cation and four different types of fluorous anions were synthesized and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyser (CHNS) and thermogravimetric techniques. The catalytic transesterification properties of the prepared ILs were investigated through the synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). The biodiesel synthesis was performed in two-step processes. Initially, the WCO was esterified with sulphuric acid to reduce its acid value (0.7 mg KOH/g). Later the transesterification reaction was carried out with the prepared ILs, and the process was optimized with respect to IL types, catalyst loading, methanolâ??oil ratios, temperature, agitation speed and time. Tetrabutylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TBPNTf2) was identified as a promising catalyst with the highest yield of biodiesel up to 81% at 4.5 wt% of IL loading, 18:1 ratio of methanol:WCO, 10 h of treatment time, 60 °C heating temperature and 600 rpm of agitation speed. The obtained product of biodiesel was characterized and analysed by different techniques, and its physicochemical properties were further determined using the known standard methods of American Society for Testing and Materials and European standards (ASTM and EN). © 2018, Islamic Azad University (IAU).
IS  - 3
VL  - 16
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
A1  - Ullah, Z.
A1  - Bustam, M.A.
A1  - Man, Z.
A1  - Khan, A.S.
A1  - Sarwono, A.
A1  - Muhammad, N.
A1  - Farooq, M.
A1  - Shah, S.N.
A1  - Ahmad, P.
A1  - Haider, S.
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062629945&doi=10.1007%2fs13762-018-1735-6&partnerID=40&md5=adef34ce3f5e6d4febf9fcdff152257b
Y1  - 2019///
TI  - Phosphonium-based hydrophobic ionic liquids with fluorous anions for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
SP  - 1269
N1  - cited By 14
AV  - none
EP  - 1276
PB  - Center for Environmental and Energy Research and Studies
SN  - 17351472
ER  -