@article{scholars11585,
            year = {2019},
           pages = {931--940},
         journal = {Energy},
       publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
             doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.138},
            note = {cited By 43},
          volume = {175},
           title = {Effect of particle size and temperature on gasification performance of coconut and palm kernel shells in downdraft fixed-bed reactor},
          author = {Yahaya, A. Z. and Somalu, M. R. and Muchtar, A. and Sulaiman, S. A. and Wan Daud, W. R.},
            issn = {03605442},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064014316&doi=10.1016\%2fj.energy.2019.03.138&partnerID=40&md5=af463ed9f648adceb4c1b7f38fee9793},
        keywords = {Calorific value; Carbon dioxide; Chemical reactors; Efficiency; Gasification; Shells (structures), Biomass Particle; Coconut shells; Downdraft gasifier; Gasification temperatures; Palm kernel shells, Particle size, biomass; bioreactor; carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; heating; methodology; paralytic shellfish poisoning; performance assessment; reaction rate; response surface methodology; shell; temperature effect},
        abstract = {Gasification of coconut shell (CS) and palm kernel shell (PKS) is conducted in a batch type downdraft fixed-bed reactor to evaluate the effect of particle size (1{\^a}??3 mm, 4{\^a}??7 mm, and 8{\^a}??11 mm) and temperature (700, 800, and 900 {\^A}oC) on gas composition and gasification performance. The response surface methodology integrated variance-optimal design is used to identify the optimum condition for gasification. Gas composition, which is measured using the biomass particle size of 1{\^a}??11 mm at 700{\^a}??900 {\^A}oC, are 8.20{\^a}??14.6 vol (H2), 13.0{\^a}??17.4 vol (CO), 14.7{\^a}??16.7 vol (CO2), and 2.82{\^a}??4.23 vol (CH4) for CS and 7.01{\^a}??13.3 vol (H2), 13.3{\^a}??17.8 vol (CO), 14.9{\^a}??17.1 vol (CO2), and 2.39{\^a}??3.90 vol (CH4) for PKS. At similar conditions, the syngas higher heating value, dry gas yield, carbon conversion efficiency, and cold gas efficiency are 4.01{\^a}??5.39 MJ/Nm3, 1.50{\^a}??1.95 Nm3/kg, 52.2{\^a}??75.9, and 30.9{\^a}??56.4 for CS, respectively, and 3.82{\^a}??5.09 MJ/Nm3, 1.48{\^a}??1.92 Nm3/kg, 59.0{\^a}??81.5, and 33.0{\^a}??57.1 for PKS, respectively. Results reveal that temperature has a greater role than particle size in influencing the gasification reaction rate. {\^A}{\copyright} 2019 Elsevier Ltd}
}