%K Coatings; Infrared spectroscopy; Maleic anhydride; Metabolism; Soils; Targeted drug delivery; Textures; Urea fertilizers; Water pollution, Controlled release; Cumulative urea release; Plant growth; Response surface method; Rosin adduct, Urea, anhydrite; biological uptake; biotransformation; chemical composition; chemical compound; chemical reaction; fertilizer; growth; microbial activity; optimization; response surface methodology; urea, Embryophyta; Zea mays
%X Conventional urea is lost due to its high water solubility and microbial transformations which results low agriculture productivity and environmental pollution. To solve these problems, rosin adduct-coated controlled release urea fertilizer (RA-CRUF) was prepared. Properties of rosin adduct with maleic anhydride were optimized during synthesis by varying the reaction temperature (120, 140 and 160 °C), reaction time (2, 4, 6 h) and coating repeats (3, 6, 9 cycles). Twenty different rosin adduct compositions were coated by spraying of rosin adduct on urea to prepare RA-CRUF. The best optimized response of urea release for RA-CRUF was 510.00 mg L �1 in water at optimized values of coating repeats (6.79 cycles), reaction time (4.71 h) and reaction temperature (137.39 °C). The Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed the reaction of rosin with maleic anhydride at wavenumber 1780 cm �1 and 1856 cm �1 correspond to carbonyl of cyclic anhydride group. The optical microscopy analysis of surface and cross view of RA-CRUF showed a high homogeneity of coating surface. The cumulative urea release was 41.76 and 47.23 for RA-CRUF compared 100 and 82.6 for conventional urea in clay loam texture and loam texture soils respectively. RA-CRUF effect on growth performance of maize plant showed healthy growth and increase in chlorophyll contents up to 51.11 mg g �1 (clay loam texture soil) and 87.55 mg g �1 (loam texture soil). © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
%O cited By 29
%J Industrial Crops and Products
%L scholars11517
%D 2019
%R 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.02.036
%T Optimized tuning of rosin adduct with maleic anhydride for smart applications in controlled and targeted delivery of urea for higher plant's uptake and growth efficiency
%A I. Mumtaz
%A Z. Majeed
%A Z. Ajab
%A B. Ahmad
%A K. Khurshid
%A M. Mubashir
%I Elsevier B.V.
%V 133
%P 395-408