@article{scholars11517,
             doi = {10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.02.036},
            note = {cited By 29},
          volume = {133},
           title = {Optimized tuning of rosin adduct with maleic anhydride for smart applications in controlled and targeted delivery of urea for higher plant's uptake and growth efficiency},
            year = {2019},
           pages = {395--408},
         journal = {Industrial Crops and Products},
       publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
          author = {Mumtaz, I. and Majeed, Z. and Ajab, Z. and Ahmad, B. and Khurshid, K. and Mubashir, M.},
            issn = {09266690},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063317131&doi=10.1016\%2fj.indcrop.2019.02.036&partnerID=40&md5=458113a4fc6bf3a484e8634559bd4d77},
        keywords = {Coatings; Infrared spectroscopy; Maleic anhydride; Metabolism; Soils; Targeted drug delivery; Textures; Urea fertilizers; Water pollution, Controlled release; Cumulative urea release; Plant growth; Response surface method; Rosin adduct, Urea, anhydrite; biological uptake; biotransformation; chemical composition; chemical compound; chemical reaction; fertilizer; growth; microbial activity; optimization; response surface methodology; urea, Embryophyta; Zea mays},
        abstract = {Conventional urea is lost due to its high water solubility and microbial transformations which results low agriculture productivity and environmental pollution. To solve these problems, rosin adduct-coated controlled release urea fertilizer (RA-CRUF) was prepared. Properties of rosin adduct with maleic anhydride were optimized during synthesis by varying the reaction temperature (120, 140 and 160 {\^A}oC), reaction time (2, 4, 6 h) and coating repeats (3, 6, 9 cycles). Twenty different rosin adduct compositions were coated by spraying of rosin adduct on urea to prepare RA-CRUF. The best optimized response of urea release for RA-CRUF was 510.00 mg L {\^a}??1 in water at optimized values of coating repeats (6.79 cycles), reaction time (4.71 h) and reaction temperature (137.39 {\^A}oC). The Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed the reaction of rosin with maleic anhydride at wavenumber 1780 cm {\^a}??1 and 1856 cm {\^a}??1 correspond to carbonyl of cyclic anhydride group. The optical microscopy analysis of surface and cross view of RA-CRUF showed a high homogeneity of coating surface. The cumulative urea release was 41.76 and 47.23 for RA-CRUF compared 100 and 82.6 for conventional urea in clay loam texture and loam texture soils respectively. RA-CRUF effect on growth performance of maize plant showed healthy growth and increase in chlorophyll contents up to 51.11 mg g {\^a}??1 (clay loam texture soil) and 87.55 mg g {\^a}??1 (loam texture soil). {\^A}{\copyright} 2019 Elsevier B.V.}
}