TY  - JOUR
PB  - John Wiley and Sons Ltd
KW  - Biofuels; Carbon dioxide; Catalysts; Digital storage; Economic analysis; Esterification; Ethanol; Hydrogen fuels; Monte Carlo methods; Organic acids; Process design; Profitability; Sensitivity analysis
KW  -  1 
KW  - 4-Butanediol; Carbon dioxide capture; CO2 capture; Esterification reactions; ethyl levulinate; Ethyl levulinate productions; Technical evaluation; Techno-Economic analysis
KW  -  Fuel additives
Y1  - 2019///
A1  - Adi Putra, Z.
A1  - Kurnia, J.C.
A1  - Sasmito, A.P.
A1  - Muraza, O.
IS  - 11
N2  - Carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is one of the promising negative emission technologies (NET). Within various CCUS routes available, CO2 conversion into fuels is one of the attractive options. Currently, most of CO2 conversion into fuels requires hydrogen, which is expensive and consume large energy to produce. Hence, a different route of producing fuel from CO2 by utilizing 1,4-butanediol as the raw material is proposed and evaluated in this study. This alternative route comprises production of levulinic acid from the reaction between CO2 and 1,4-butanediol and production of ethyl levulinate, an alternative biofuel and biofuel additive, via an esterification reaction of levulinic acid with ethanol. The process is designed and simulated according to the available data and evaluated in terms of its technical features. Because of the unavailability of reaction data for synthesis of levulinic acid from 1,4-butanediol and CO2, several assumptions were taken, which may implicate the accuracy of the studied design. This technical evaluation is followed by cost estimations and sensitivity analysis. Because of the free CO2, the profitability of the plant depends strongly on the prices of the other chemicals and the price difference between 1,4-butanediol (raw material) and ethyl levulinate (product). Monte Carlo simulation indicates that the proposed plant will always be profitable if the ethyl levulinate is slightly more expensive than the 1,4-butanediol, highlighting that the process of producing ethyl levulinate from CO2 is economically profitable. Future research should be directed towards a catalytic system that can effectively convert CO2 into levulinic acid, by-products produced from the two reaction steps, and reduce the excess ethanol used in the second reaction. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VL  - 43
ID  - scholars11365
N1  - cited By 4
SN  - 0363907X
AV  - none
EP  - 5945
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068757463&doi=10.1002%2fer.4702&partnerID=40&md5=32b900176de9a1a99120675f194eed95
SP  - 5932
JF  - International Journal of Energy Research
TI  - Process design and techno-economic analysis of ethyl levulinate production from carbon dioxide and 1,4-butanediol as an alternative biofuel and fuel additive
ER  -