TY  - JOUR
Y1  - 2018///
VL  - 39
A1  - Sarwono, A.
A1  - Man, Z.
A1  - Bustam, M.A.
A1  - Subbarao, D.
A1  - Idris, A.
A1  - Muhammad, N.
A1  - Khan, A.S.
A1  - Ullah, Z.
JF  - Environmental Technology (United Kingdom)
UR  - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020264720&doi=10.1080%2f09593330.2017.1332108&partnerID=40&md5=dcd04756c49ef803e35a5cb4a4c059f8
ID  - scholars10221
KW  - Activation energy; Composite films; Diffusion; Fertilizers; Gravimetric analysis; Lignin; Metabolism; Starch; Swelling; Urea
KW  -  Composite thin films; Cross-linked starch; Empirical model; Lignin contents; Slow release fertilizers; Solution casting; Swelling mechanism; Temperature increase
KW  -  Thin films
KW  -  fertilizer; lignin; starch; urea; water; lignin; starch; urea; water
KW  -  coating; composite; diffusion; fertilizer; film; hydrophobicity; lignin; starch; swelling; temperature; urea; water uptake
KW  -  Article; composite thin film; cross linking; diffusion; diffusion coefficient; energy; gravimetry; hydrophobicity; material coating; temperature; water absorption; water transport; chemistry; permeability; water management
KW  -  Diffusion; Lignin; Permeability; Starch; Urea; Water; Water Purification
IS  - 12
N2  - Coating fertilizer particles with thin films is a possibility to control fertilizer release rates. It is observed that novel urea cross-linked starchâ??lignin composite thin films, prepared by solution casting, swell on coming into contact with water due to the increase in volume by water uptake by diffusion. The effect of lignin content, varied from 0 to 20 in steps of 5 at three different temperatures (25°C, 35°C and 45°C), on swelling of the film was investigated. By gravimetric analysis, the equilibrium water uptake and diffusion coefficient decrease with lignin content, indicating that the addition of lignin increases the hydrophobicity of the films. When temperature increases, the diffusion coefficient and the amount of water absorbed tend to increase. Assuming that swelling of the thin film is by water uptake by diffusion, the diffusion coefficient is estimated. The estimated diffusion coefficient decreases from 4.3 to 2.1 Ã? 10â??7 cm2/s at 25°C, from 5.3 to 2.9 Ã? 10â??7cm2/s at 35°C and from 6.2 to 3.8 Ã? 10â??7 cm2/s at 45°C depending on the lignin content. Activation energy for the increase in diffusion coefficient with temperature is observed to be 16.55 kJ/mol. An empirical model of water uptake as a function of percentage of lignin and temperature was also developed based on Fickâ??s law. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
PB  - Taylor and Francis Ltd.
SN  - 09593330
EP  - 1532
AV  - none
TI  - Swelling mechanism of urea cross-linked starchâ??lignin films in water
SP  - 1522
N1  - cited By 3
ER  -