@article{scholars10122,
           pages = {30--36},
         journal = {Journal of Ethnopharmacology},
       publisher = {Elsevier Ireland Ltd},
            year = {2018},
           title = {Assessment of gonadotropins and testosterone hormone levels in regular Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) users},
             doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.005},
          volume = {221},
            note = {cited By 18},
            issn = {03788741},
          author = {Singh, D. and Murugaiyah, V. and Hamid, S. B. S. and Kasinather, V. and Chan, M. S. A. and Ho, E. T. W. and Grundmann, O. and Chear, N. J. Y. and Mansor, S. M.},
        keywords = {follitropin; gonadotropin; kratom; luteinizing hormone; mitragynine; paynantheine; plant medicinal product; speciogynine; testosterone; unclassified drug; follitropin; luteinizing hormone; phytochemical; plant extract; testosterone, adult; Article; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; follitropin blood level; food intake; gonadotropin blood level; human; human experiment; luteinizing hormone blood level; male; mass fragmentography; Mitragyna; Mitragyna speciosa; morphology; nonhuman; spermatozoon motility; tea; testosterone blood level; analysis; beverage; blood; young adult, Adult; Beverages; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Mitragyna; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Testosterone; Young Adult},
             url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045758004&doi=10.1016\%2fj.jep.2018.04.005&partnerID=40&md5=c77802ce43bbe5334f3b4612657c061e},
        abstract = {Ethnopharmacological relevance: Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) also known as kratom, is a native medicinal plant of Southeast Asia with opioid-like effects. Kratom tea/juice have been traditionally used as a folk remedy and for controlling opiate withdrawal in Malaysia. Long-term opioid use is associated with depletion in testosterone levels. Aim of the study: Since kratom is reported to deform sperm morphology and reduce sperm motility, we aimed to clinically investigate the testosterone levels following long-term kratom tea/juice use in regular kratom users. Methods: A total of 19 regular kratom users were recruited for this cross-sectional study. A full-blood test was conducted including determination of testosterone level, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) profile, as well as hematological and biochemical parameters of participants. Results: We found long-term kratom tea/juice consumption with a daily mitragynine dose of 76.23{\^a}??94.15 mg did not impair testosterone levels, or gonadotrophins, hematological and biochemical parameters in regular kratom users. Conclusion: Regular kratom tea/juice consumption over prolonged periods ({\ensuremath{>}}2 years) was not associated with testosterone impairing effects in humans. {\^A}{\copyright} 2018 Elsevier B.V.}
}