A new perspective on the measurements of wax appearance temperature: Comparison between DSC, thermomicroscopy and rheometry and the cooling rate effects

Japper-Jaafar, A. and Bhaskoro, P.T. and Mior, Z.S. (2016) A new perspective on the measurements of wax appearance temperature: Comparison between DSC, thermomicroscopy and rheometry and the cooling rate effects. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 147. pp. 672-681. ISSN 09204105

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Abstract

Knowledge on wax appearance temperature (WAT), amongst other properties, is essential in designing the facilities involved in the transportation and processing of waxy crude oil. Several measurement techniques and equipment are currently available to measure the WAT. However, differences in the values measured from different measurement platforms may result in conflicting decisions. In this work, the WAT of several crude oils, representing mild, medium and severe waxy crude oils are measured utilizing current advanced and precise equipment; a micro differential scanning calorimeter (micro-DSC) capable of providing measurements at low cooling rates, a cross polar microscopy (CPM) coupled with an image processing technique and a controlled stress rheometer. Several rheological protocols to measure WAT especially at low shear and strains to better replicate the static cooling measurements in the micro- DSC as well as under CPM are assessed. The effects of cooling rate on the WAT and wax aggregation as well as the WAT comparison from the various equipments under cooling rate of 1 °C/min are explored and discussed in detail. The results show that the WAT measured from different platforms is highly influenced by the precipitation rate, the type of wax (micro or macro crystalline), the cooling rate as well as the imposed shear. The advancement of micro-DSC and rheometer technology provides better sensitivity for WAT measurement than microscopy observation under CPM. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.

Item Type: Article
Additional Information: cited By 73
Uncontrolled Keywords: Crude oil; Differential scanning calorimetry; Equipment; Image processing; Petroleum transportation; Precipitation (chemical); Rheometers, Controlled-stress rheometers; Differential scanning calorimeters; Image processing technique; Measurement techniques; Precipitation rates; Wax appearance temperature; Wax precipitation; Waxy Crude Oil, Cooling, aggregation; calorimetry; cooling; crude oil; image processing; measurement method; microscopy; precipitation (chemistry); temperature; wax
Depositing User: Mr Ahmad Suhairi UTP
Date Deposited: 09 Nov 2023 16:18
Last Modified: 09 Nov 2023 16:18
URI: https://khub.utp.edu.my/scholars/id/eprint/6695

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