Biopolymeric materials have been studied extensively over the past few decades because of their intrinsic biological characteristics and remarkable biocompatibility. The noticeable solubility of most of the biopolymers and lignocellulose matrices in ionic liquids (ILs) have paved new avenues in biopolymer dissolution, regeneration, and their subsequent employment as biomaterials. The literature suggests that diversifications in precursor raw material origin, extraction methods, polymer�s quality, and polymorphic forms play an indispensable role in ILs-mediated dissolution of biopolymers. ILs have not only furnished sturdy performance in the development of lignocellulose-based biorefinery but have also produced highly promising opportunities in exploiting biomolecules like chitin, chitosan, silk, and keratin in context of biorefinery. The goal of this chapter is to briefly summarize the recent progress in the use of ILs for dissolution, processing, and as reaction media for the functionalization of peculiar biopolymers for promising medical, biomaterial, and other applications. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.