Stabilization of heavy metals loaded sewage sludge: Reviewing conventional to state-of-the-art thermal treatments in achieving energy sustainability

Liew, C.-S. and Kiatkittipong, W. and Lim, J.-W. and Lam, M.-K. and Ho, Y.-C. and Ho, C.-D. and Ntwampe, S.K.O. and Mohamad, M. and Usman, A. (2021) Stabilization of heavy metals loaded sewage sludge: Reviewing conventional to state-of-the-art thermal treatments in achieving energy sustainability. Chemosphere, 277. ISSN 00456535

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Abstract

Sewage sludge has long been regarded as a hazardous waste by virtue of the loaded heavy metals and pathogens. Recently, more advanced technologies are introduced to make use of the nutrients from this hazardous sludge. Successful recovery of sludge's carbon content could significantly convert waste to energy and promote energy sustainability. Meanwhile, the recovery of nitrogen and trace minerals allows the production of fertilizers. This review is elucidating the performances of modern thermal treatment technologies in recovering resources from sewage sludge while reducing its environmental impacts. Exhaustive investigations show that most modern technologies are capable of recovering sludge's carbon content for energy generation. Concurrently, the technologies could as well stabilize heavy metals, destroy harmful pathogens, and reduce the volume of sludge to minimize the environmental impacts. Nevertheless, the high initial investment cost still poses a huge hurdle for many developing countries. Since the initial investment cost is inevitable, the future works should focus on improving the profit margin of thermal technologies; so that it would be more financially attractive. This can be done through process optimization, improved process design as well as the use of suitable co-substrates, additives, and catalyst as propounded in the review. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

Item Type: Article
Additional Information: cited By 39
Uncontrolled Keywords: Carbon; Costs; Developing countries; Environmental technology; Hazards; Heat treatment; Investments; Metal recovery; Optimization; Sewage sludge; Sustainable development; Waste treatment, Advanced technology; Carbon content; Energy sustainability; Hazardous sludge; Hazardous wastes; Investment costs; Resource recovery; Sludge-to-energy; State of the art; Thermal, Heavy metals, carbon; heavy metal; fertilizer; nitrogen, catalyst; cost analysis; developing world; energy planning; hazardous waste; heavy metal; power generation; profitability; sewage treatment; sludge, Article; carbonization; environmental impact; gasification; heat treatment; incineration; nonhuman; pyrolysis; sewage; sludge treatment, Fertilizers; Metals, Heavy; Nitrogen; Sewage
Depositing User: Mr Ahmad Suhairi UTP
Date Deposited: 10 Nov 2023 03:29
Last Modified: 10 Nov 2023 03:29
URI: https://khub.utp.edu.my/scholars/id/eprint/14656

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