Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing Protocol to Minimize Channel Switching and Interference for Cognitive Radio Networks

Safdar Malik, T. and Hasan, M.H. (2020) Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing Protocol to Minimize Channel Switching and Interference for Cognitive Radio Networks. Complexity, 2020. ISSN 10762787

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Abstract

In the existing network-layered architectural stack of Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network (CRAHN), channel selection is performed at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. However, routing is done on the network layer. Due to this limitation, the Secondary/Unlicensed Users (SUs) need to access the channel information from the MAC layer whenever the channel switching event occurred during the data transmission. This issue delayed the channel selection process during the immediate routing decision for the channel switching event to continue the transmission. In this paper, a protocol is proposed to implement the channel selection decisions at the network layer during the routing process. The decision is based on past and expected future routing decisions of Primary Users (PUs). A learning agent operating in the cross-layer mode of the network-layered architectural stack is implemented in the spectrum mobility manager to pass the channel information to the network layer. This information is originated at the MAC layer. The channel selection is performed on the basis of reinforcement learning algorithms such as No-External Regret Learning, Q-Learning, and Learning Automata. This leads to minimizing the channel switching events and user interferences in the Reinforcement Learning- (RL-) based routing protocol. Simulations are conducted using Cognitive Radio Cognitive Network simulator based on Network Simulator (NS-2). The simulation results showed that the proposed routing protocol performed better than all the other comparative routing protocols in terms of number of channel switching events, average data rate, packet collision, packet loss, and end-to-end delay. The proposed routing protocol implies the improved Quality of Service (QoS) of the delay sensitive and real-time networks such as Cellular and Tele Vision (TV) networks. © 2020 Tauqeer Safdar Malik and Mohd Hilmi Hasan.

Item Type: Article
Additional Information: cited By 6
Uncontrolled Keywords: Ad hoc networks; Cellular automata; Cognitive radio; Internet protocols; Medium access control; Network layers; Network routing; Packet networks; Quality of service; Radio interference; Reinforcement learning; Routing protocols; Switching, Channel information; Channel switching; Cognitive network; Cognitive radio Ad-Hoc networks; Cognitive radio network; Medium access control layer; Network simulators; Spectrum mobilities, Learning algorithms
Depositing User: Mr Ahmad Suhairi UTP
Date Deposited: 10 Nov 2023 03:28
Last Modified: 10 Nov 2023 03:28
URI: https://khub.utp.edu.my/scholars/id/eprint/13780

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