Gaussian Processes for Hydrocarbon Depth Estimation in Forward Modeling of Seabed Logging

Aris, M.N.M. and Daud, H. and Dass, S.C. and Noh, K.A.M. (2019) Gaussian Processes for Hydrocarbon Depth Estimation in Forward Modeling of Seabed Logging. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 24 (3). pp. 399-408. ISSN 10831363

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Abstract

Seabed logging (SBL) is an application of the marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) technique to discover offshore hydrocarbon reservoirs underneath the seabed. This application is based on electrical resistivity contrast between hydrocarbon and its surroundings. In this paper, simulation and forward modeling were performed to estimate the hydrocarbon depths in one-dimensional (1-D) SBL data. 1-D data, consisted offset distance (input) and magnitude of electric field (output), were acquired from SBL models developed using computer simulation technology (CST) software. The computer simulated outputs were observed at various depths of hydrocarbon reservoir (250 m-2,750 m with an increment of 250 m) with frequency of 0.125 Hz. Gaussian processes (GP) was employed in the forward modeling by utilizing prior information which is electric field (E-field) at all observed inputs to provide E-field profile at unobserved/untried inputs with uncertainty quantification in terms of variance. The concept was extended for two-dimensional (2-D) model. All observations of E-field were then investigated with the 2-D forward GP model. Root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of variation (CV) were utilized to compare the acquired and modeled data at random untried hydrocarbon depths at 400 m, 950 m, 1,450 m, 2,100 m and 2,600 m. Small RMSE and CV values have indicated that developed model can fit well the SBL data at untried hydrocarbon depths. The measured variances of the untried inputs revealed that the data points (true values) were very close to the estimated values, which was 0.003 (in average). RMSEs obtained were very small as an average of 0.049, and CVs found as very reliable percentages, an average of 0.914, which implied well fitting of the GP model. Hence, the 2-D forward GP model is believed to be capable of predicting unobserved hydrocarbon depths. © 2019 Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. All rights reserved.

Item Type: Article
Additional Information: cited By 3
Uncontrolled Keywords: Computer software; Electric fields; Electromagnetic logging; Gaussian distribution; Gaussian noise (electronic); Mean square error; Offshore oil well production; One dimensional; Uncertainty analysis, Coefficient of variation; Computer simulation technology (CST); Controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM); Hydrocarbon reservoir; Offshore hydrocarbons; Root mean square errors; Two-Dimensional (2-D) modeling; Uncertainty quantifications, Hydrocarbons, computer simulation; electric field; electrical resistivity; forward modeling; Gaussian method; hydrocarbon reservoir; logging (geophysics); reservoir characterization; seafloor mapping
Depositing User: Mr Ahmad Suhairi UTP
Date Deposited: 10 Nov 2023 03:25
Last Modified: 10 Nov 2023 03:25
URI: https://khub.utp.edu.my/scholars/id/eprint/11337

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